Sunday, December 6, 2009
Amendment XXVII
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
Thoughts on the twenty seventh amendment:
This amendment has a unique story. It was originally introduced in 1789 as one of the original amendments, but failed to get the necessary number of state votes to ratify it. It wasn't until the early 1980's, when a University of Texas student discovered it, that a movement to get it ratified was started. It was final ratified in 1992, currently the last amendment to the United States Constitution.
This amendment prohibits congress from giving themselves raise in the current session. Any approved raise will not be applied until the next congressional session. This does not however hinder congress from receiving monies to compensate for cost of living in Washington D.C.
I think this is a great way to keep congress from lining their pockets, any more then they already due, courtesy of lobbyist.
Twenty-Seventh Amendment - Further Readings
The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads:
No law, varying the compensation for the services of Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
The long history of the Twenty-seventh Amendment is curious and unprecedented. The amendment was first drafted by JAMES MADISON in 1789 and proposed by the First Congress in 1789 as part of the original BILL OF RIGHTS. The proposed amendment did not fare well, as only six states ratified it during the period in which the first ten amendments were ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the states. The amendment was largely neglected for the next two centuries; Ohio was the only state to approve the amendment in that period, ratifying it in 1873.
In 1982 Gregory Watson, a twenty-year-old student at the University of Texas, wrote a term paper arguing for ratification of the amendment. Watson received a 'C' grade for the paper and then embarked on a one-man campaign for the amendment's ratification. From his home in Austin, Texas, Watson wrote letters to state legislators across the country on an electric typewriter. During the 1980s, as state legislatures passed pay raises, public debate over the raises reached a fever pitch and state legislatures began to pass the measure, mostly as a symbolic gesture to appease voters. Few observers believed that the amendment would ever be ratified by the required thirty-eight states, but the tally of ratifying states began to mount. On May 7, 1992, Michigan became the thirty-eighth state to ratify the amendment, causing it to become part of the U.S. Constitution.
The effect of the Twenty-seventh Amendment is to prevent salary increases for federal legislators from taking effect until after an intervening election of members of the House of Representatives. The amendment is an expression of the concern that members of Congress, if left to their own devices, may choose to act in their own interests rather than the public interest. Because the amendment postpones salary increases until after an election, members of Congress may not immediately raise their own salaries. All Representatives must endure an election before a pay raise takes effect because Representatives are elected once every two years; Senators need not necessarily succeed in an election before a pay raise takes effect unless the pay raise is approved within two years of the Senator's next re-election effort.
The ratification process of the Twenty-seventh Amendment was by far the longest-running amendment effort in the history of the United States. Before the Twenty-seventh Amendment was ratified, the longest it had taken to ratify an amendment was four years. That measure, the TWENTY-SECOND AMENDMENT limiting the president to two terms in office, was ratified in 1951. The proposed EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT, which would have become the Twenty-seventh Amendment had it passed, failed to win ratification by the required thirty-eight states during the ten-year period Congress had allowed for its consideration by the states.
The gradual manner in which the Twenty-seventh Amendment was passed has raised questions about its validity, with concerns centering on the wisdom of allowing changes to the Constitution without reference to the passage of time. In Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 41 S. Ct. 510, 65 L. Ed. 994 (1921), the U.S. Supreme Court stated a requirement that ratification of amendments be contemporaneous with their proposal, but in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 59 S. Ct. 972, 83 L. Ed. 1385 (1939), the High Court left it for Congress to decide whether a ratification was contemporaneous with its proposal. In Boehner v. Anderson, 809 F.Supp. 138 (D.D.C. 1992), aff'd, 30 F.3d 156, 308 U.S.App.D.C. 94 (1994), the District Court for the District of Columbia rejected a challenge to the constitutionality of pay raises in the Ethics Reform Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101-194, 103 Stat 1716 (1989). The court observed that the pay raises complied with the Twenty-seventh Amendment because they took effect after an election had intervened.
Read more: Twenty-Seventh Amendment - Further Readings http://law.jrank.org/pages/10955/Twenty-Seventh-Amendment.html#ixzz0YylUNUQZ
Thoughts on the twenty seventh amendment:
This amendment has a unique story. It was originally introduced in 1789 as one of the original amendments, but failed to get the necessary number of state votes to ratify it. It wasn't until the early 1980's, when a University of Texas student discovered it, that a movement to get it ratified was started. It was final ratified in 1992, currently the last amendment to the United States Constitution.
This amendment prohibits congress from giving themselves raise in the current session. Any approved raise will not be applied until the next congressional session. This does not however hinder congress from receiving monies to compensate for cost of living in Washington D.C.
I think this is a great way to keep congress from lining their pockets, any more then they already due, courtesy of lobbyist.
Twenty-Seventh Amendment - Further Readings
The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the U.S. Constitution reads:
No law, varying the compensation for the services of Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
The long history of the Twenty-seventh Amendment is curious and unprecedented. The amendment was first drafted by JAMES MADISON in 1789 and proposed by the First Congress in 1789 as part of the original BILL OF RIGHTS. The proposed amendment did not fare well, as only six states ratified it during the period in which the first ten amendments were ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the states. The amendment was largely neglected for the next two centuries; Ohio was the only state to approve the amendment in that period, ratifying it in 1873.
In 1982 Gregory Watson, a twenty-year-old student at the University of Texas, wrote a term paper arguing for ratification of the amendment. Watson received a 'C' grade for the paper and then embarked on a one-man campaign for the amendment's ratification. From his home in Austin, Texas, Watson wrote letters to state legislators across the country on an electric typewriter. During the 1980s, as state legislatures passed pay raises, public debate over the raises reached a fever pitch and state legislatures began to pass the measure, mostly as a symbolic gesture to appease voters. Few observers believed that the amendment would ever be ratified by the required thirty-eight states, but the tally of ratifying states began to mount. On May 7, 1992, Michigan became the thirty-eighth state to ratify the amendment, causing it to become part of the U.S. Constitution.
The effect of the Twenty-seventh Amendment is to prevent salary increases for federal legislators from taking effect until after an intervening election of members of the House of Representatives. The amendment is an expression of the concern that members of Congress, if left to their own devices, may choose to act in their own interests rather than the public interest. Because the amendment postpones salary increases until after an election, members of Congress may not immediately raise their own salaries. All Representatives must endure an election before a pay raise takes effect because Representatives are elected once every two years; Senators need not necessarily succeed in an election before a pay raise takes effect unless the pay raise is approved within two years of the Senator's next re-election effort.
The ratification process of the Twenty-seventh Amendment was by far the longest-running amendment effort in the history of the United States. Before the Twenty-seventh Amendment was ratified, the longest it had taken to ratify an amendment was four years. That measure, the TWENTY-SECOND AMENDMENT limiting the president to two terms in office, was ratified in 1951. The proposed EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT, which would have become the Twenty-seventh Amendment had it passed, failed to win ratification by the required thirty-eight states during the ten-year period Congress had allowed for its consideration by the states.
The gradual manner in which the Twenty-seventh Amendment was passed has raised questions about its validity, with concerns centering on the wisdom of allowing changes to the Constitution without reference to the passage of time. In Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 41 S. Ct. 510, 65 L. Ed. 994 (1921), the U.S. Supreme Court stated a requirement that ratification of amendments be contemporaneous with their proposal, but in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 59 S. Ct. 972, 83 L. Ed. 1385 (1939), the High Court left it for Congress to decide whether a ratification was contemporaneous with its proposal. In Boehner v. Anderson, 809 F.Supp. 138 (D.D.C. 1992), aff'd, 30 F.3d 156, 308 U.S.App.D.C. 94 (1994), the District Court for the District of Columbia rejected a challenge to the constitutionality of pay raises in the Ethics Reform Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101-194, 103 Stat 1716 (1989). The court observed that the pay raises complied with the Twenty-seventh Amendment because they took effect after an election had intervened.
Read more: Twenty-Seventh Amendment - Further Readings http://law.jrank.org/pages/10955/Twenty-Seventh-Amendment.html#ixzz0YylUNUQZ
Amendment XXVI
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Thoughts on the twenty sixth amendment:
This amendment gives American citizens eighteen years and older the right to vote. This amendment got its momentum from the Vietnam War because people eighteen years old could be drafted and sent into war without having the right to vote. Since the right to vote is our strongest and most effect way to express our opinions it seemed only fair that this young Americans should have a right to express their opinion on the war as well as other important political decisions.
There is also a strong opinion by people eighteen years old that since they can go to war that they should have the right to be able to consume alcohol. I completely agree with this but I don't think that it has the same magnitude as the right to vote. So don't hold your breath.
Really?... Can you image if people sixteen years old could vote?
Could Lowering The Drinking Age To 18 Improve College Health?
August 20, 2008
Washington (dbTechno) - Colleges and universities across the U.S. have come out and showcased their support to try and lower the drinking age from 21 to 18. This brings up the immediate question, what impact would this change have to the health of college students?
Thus far, leaders from more than 100 colleges and universities across the United States have voiced their support of lowering the drinking age to 18.
In terms of the health of college students, those in support of this move believe that it could lead to a reduction in binge drinking among college kids.
This would obviously be a positive to their health, as binge drinking can often lead to many health problems, and accidents from driving, among other things.
With the current drinking age at 21, supporters feel that binge drinking is almost promoted, as kids will have to load themselves up before they go out for a night on the town.
This could prove to be a slippery slope though, as cutting the drinking age to 18 could make it easier for high school kids to take part in the practice.
For health reasons though, supporters seem to be confident that it would increase casual drinking, and lower over-the-top binge drinking.
Many are not convinced though, as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) have stated they oppose the push, and that it would lead to more fatal car crashes.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Thoughts on the twenty sixth amendment:
This amendment gives American citizens eighteen years and older the right to vote. This amendment got its momentum from the Vietnam War because people eighteen years old could be drafted and sent into war without having the right to vote. Since the right to vote is our strongest and most effect way to express our opinions it seemed only fair that this young Americans should have a right to express their opinion on the war as well as other important political decisions.
There is also a strong opinion by people eighteen years old that since they can go to war that they should have the right to be able to consume alcohol. I completely agree with this but I don't think that it has the same magnitude as the right to vote. So don't hold your breath.
Really?... Can you image if people sixteen years old could vote?
Could Lowering The Drinking Age To 18 Improve College Health?
August 20, 2008
Washington (dbTechno) - Colleges and universities across the U.S. have come out and showcased their support to try and lower the drinking age from 21 to 18. This brings up the immediate question, what impact would this change have to the health of college students?
Thus far, leaders from more than 100 colleges and universities across the United States have voiced their support of lowering the drinking age to 18.
In terms of the health of college students, those in support of this move believe that it could lead to a reduction in binge drinking among college kids.
This would obviously be a positive to their health, as binge drinking can often lead to many health problems, and accidents from driving, among other things.
With the current drinking age at 21, supporters feel that binge drinking is almost promoted, as kids will have to load themselves up before they go out for a night on the town.
This could prove to be a slippery slope though, as cutting the drinking age to 18 could make it easier for high school kids to take part in the practice.
For health reasons though, supporters seem to be confident that it would increase casual drinking, and lower over-the-top binge drinking.
Many are not convinced though, as MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving) have stated they oppose the push, and that it would lead to more fatal car crashes.
Amendment XXV
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
Thoughts on the twenty fifth amendment:
This amendment lays out the succession of the presidency. It deals with many scenario's including death, resignation, and incapacity. It fills in all the gaps in regards to succession in most every conceivable way.
The first president to invoke the disability provision of this amendment was Ronald Regan. When he underwent surgery he gave George H. W. Bush the powers of the office.
The succession of the Vice-President to the President in cases of death had occurred seven times previous to this amendment. In each case it was uncontested, but this amendment confirms this succession.
Ford was appointed as the Vice President after Agnew resigned, and then became President when Nixon did..... never being elected to either office!
REAGAN'S ILLNESS: GOVERNMENTAL QUESTIONS;POWER TRANSFER SEEN AS PRECEDENT
Whether he intended to or not, President Reagan set a political precedent for a President to temporarily transfer power to the Vice President before being anesthetized for surgery, several legal experts said today.
The experts also said that the drafters of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution clearly intended to allow and encourage Presidents to transfer their powers in such temporary periods of incapacity as the one caused by Mr. Reagan's surgery Saturday, notwithstanding Mr. Reagan's suggestion to the contrary.
Mr. Reagan transferred his powers to Vice President Bush before undergoing anesthesia and reclaimed them after the surgery, In both instances Mr. Reagan followed procedures similar to those in section 3 of the 25th Amendment, which specifies that the Vice President becomes Acting President whenever the President advises Congress in writing ''that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary.''
Amendment Not Invoked
But Mr. Reagan avoided invoking the amendment directly and did not state explicitly that he would be unable to discharge his powers.
The precedent set by Mr. Reagan was not a binding one, the experts said. They contended it was more a political precedent than a legal one, because the 25th Amendment is designed to be invoked by Presidents themselves, or in extreme cases by the Vice President, the Cabinet and Congress, not by the courts.
But future Presidents about to undergo surgery will feel some pressure to temporarily transfer power to the Vice President, these experts said.
Those expressing these views included Lloyd N. Cutler, who was White House Counsel under President Carter, Birch Bayh, a former Democratic Senator from Indiana who was the principal author of the 25th Amendment, and John D. Feerick, Dean of Fordham Law School, who has written a book on the 25th Amendment.
In addition, some Government lawyers as well as legal experts outside the Government agreed that Mr. Reagan's transfer of power to Vice President Bush for about eight hours Saturday was in effect an exercise of the 25th Amendment, although Mr. Reagan did not invoke it directly.
''Certainly it's exactly the kind of situation the amendment was designed to take care of,'' Mr. Cutler said in an interview today.
Possible Future Situations
Mr. Cutler said that, as the first President to exercise section 3 of the 25th Amendment, Mr. Reagan ''has set a precedent'' that will have to be considered, although not necessarily followed, by any future President in a similar situation.
''It would have been much better,'' Mr. Cutler said, for Mr. Reagan simply to have said he was invoking the 25th Amendment ''than to do it in this grudging, fudging way.''
Mr. Reagan said in the letters transferring his powers that there was doubt the amendment applied ''to such brief and temporary periods of incapacity.''
''I do not believe that the drafters of this amendment intended its application to situations such as the instant one,'' Mr. Reagan wrote.
The Congressional proceedings that led to the adoption of the 25th Amendment contained several assertions that Presidents would be allowed to transfer their powers to their Vice Presidents briefly when going into surgery.
Both Nichalas deB. Katzenbach, who was Attorney General under President Johnson, and Herbert Brownell, who had been Attorney General under President Eisenhower, testified in 1965 that section 3 of the amendment would allow Presidents to delegate power before surgery in which they would be temporarily incapacitated.
Mr. Feerick said, ''There's no question in terms of the legislative history that the 25th Amendment was intended to cover and apply to the kind of situation that we had on Saturday, namely, the President undergoing anesthesia for a period of several hours.''
Effect of Kennedy Assassination
The 25th Amendment, which also specifies procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, was adopted primarily to resolve a troublesome ambiguity in the Constitution about how to decide when the President, because of illness or otherwise, is unable to do his job.
It was proposed by Congress in 1965 and became law in 1967 when ratified by three-fourths of the states.
The immediate reason for adopting the amendment was the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, which raised questions such as what would have happened if he had gone into a prolonged coma after being shot.
Section 3 of the 25th Amendment was designed to allow and encourage the President himself to transfer his powers to the Vice President whenever he was or anticipated becoming incapacitated even briefly, Mr. Feerick and Mr. Bayh said.
''We purposely left it flexible,'' Mr. Bayh said today, ''so that the President would be comfortable with its application.''
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
Thoughts on the twenty fifth amendment:
This amendment lays out the succession of the presidency. It deals with many scenario's including death, resignation, and incapacity. It fills in all the gaps in regards to succession in most every conceivable way.
The first president to invoke the disability provision of this amendment was Ronald Regan. When he underwent surgery he gave George H. W. Bush the powers of the office.
The succession of the Vice-President to the President in cases of death had occurred seven times previous to this amendment. In each case it was uncontested, but this amendment confirms this succession.
Ford was appointed as the Vice President after Agnew resigned, and then became President when Nixon did..... never being elected to either office!
REAGAN'S ILLNESS: GOVERNMENTAL QUESTIONS;POWER TRANSFER SEEN AS PRECEDENT
Whether he intended to or not, President Reagan set a political precedent for a President to temporarily transfer power to the Vice President before being anesthetized for surgery, several legal experts said today.
The experts also said that the drafters of the 25th Amendment to the Constitution clearly intended to allow and encourage Presidents to transfer their powers in such temporary periods of incapacity as the one caused by Mr. Reagan's surgery Saturday, notwithstanding Mr. Reagan's suggestion to the contrary.
Mr. Reagan transferred his powers to Vice President Bush before undergoing anesthesia and reclaimed them after the surgery, In both instances Mr. Reagan followed procedures similar to those in section 3 of the 25th Amendment, which specifies that the Vice President becomes Acting President whenever the President advises Congress in writing ''that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary.''
Amendment Not Invoked
But Mr. Reagan avoided invoking the amendment directly and did not state explicitly that he would be unable to discharge his powers.
The precedent set by Mr. Reagan was not a binding one, the experts said. They contended it was more a political precedent than a legal one, because the 25th Amendment is designed to be invoked by Presidents themselves, or in extreme cases by the Vice President, the Cabinet and Congress, not by the courts.
But future Presidents about to undergo surgery will feel some pressure to temporarily transfer power to the Vice President, these experts said.
Those expressing these views included Lloyd N. Cutler, who was White House Counsel under President Carter, Birch Bayh, a former Democratic Senator from Indiana who was the principal author of the 25th Amendment, and John D. Feerick, Dean of Fordham Law School, who has written a book on the 25th Amendment.
In addition, some Government lawyers as well as legal experts outside the Government agreed that Mr. Reagan's transfer of power to Vice President Bush for about eight hours Saturday was in effect an exercise of the 25th Amendment, although Mr. Reagan did not invoke it directly.
''Certainly it's exactly the kind of situation the amendment was designed to take care of,'' Mr. Cutler said in an interview today.
Possible Future Situations
Mr. Cutler said that, as the first President to exercise section 3 of the 25th Amendment, Mr. Reagan ''has set a precedent'' that will have to be considered, although not necessarily followed, by any future President in a similar situation.
''It would have been much better,'' Mr. Cutler said, for Mr. Reagan simply to have said he was invoking the 25th Amendment ''than to do it in this grudging, fudging way.''
Mr. Reagan said in the letters transferring his powers that there was doubt the amendment applied ''to such brief and temporary periods of incapacity.''
''I do not believe that the drafters of this amendment intended its application to situations such as the instant one,'' Mr. Reagan wrote.
The Congressional proceedings that led to the adoption of the 25th Amendment contained several assertions that Presidents would be allowed to transfer their powers to their Vice Presidents briefly when going into surgery.
Both Nichalas deB. Katzenbach, who was Attorney General under President Johnson, and Herbert Brownell, who had been Attorney General under President Eisenhower, testified in 1965 that section 3 of the amendment would allow Presidents to delegate power before surgery in which they would be temporarily incapacitated.
Mr. Feerick said, ''There's no question in terms of the legislative history that the 25th Amendment was intended to cover and apply to the kind of situation that we had on Saturday, namely, the President undergoing anesthesia for a period of several hours.''
Effect of Kennedy Assassination
The 25th Amendment, which also specifies procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, was adopted primarily to resolve a troublesome ambiguity in the Constitution about how to decide when the President, because of illness or otherwise, is unable to do his job.
It was proposed by Congress in 1965 and became law in 1967 when ratified by three-fourths of the states.
The immediate reason for adopting the amendment was the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, which raised questions such as what would have happened if he had gone into a prolonged coma after being shot.
Section 3 of the 25th Amendment was designed to allow and encourage the President himself to transfer his powers to the Vice President whenever he was or anticipated becoming incapacitated even briefly, Mr. Feerick and Mr. Bayh said.
''We purposely left it flexible,'' Mr. Bayh said today, ''so that the President would be comfortable with its application.''
Amendment XXIV
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Thoughts on the twenty fourth amendment:
This amendment finished the goals set out by the fifthteenth amendment. This amendment elimated the major road block many African-American citizens still faced when they tried to excersise their right to vote.
Shortly after the ratification of this amendment congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These two legislative powerhouses gave the Federal government the power to extened Civil Rights to all areas of the nation. This amendment allowed the Civil Rights movement took a huge leap foward in their struggle that still continues today.
Rosa Parks Bus Tour Teaches About Civil Rights Movement
Sierra Moore Created: 12/1/2009 6:01:49 PM Updated: 12/1/2009 6:04:48 PM
Greensboro, NC -- It's been 54 years since Civil Rights leader Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on an Alabama bus. Greensboro leaders want to share her story with local students.
The Greensboro Transit Authority held its Rosa Parks Bus Tour Tuesday. It's a national effort to educate students on Civil Rights events in our country's history.
The special bus visited Jackson Middle School, and kids got to experience the history lesson inside the bus, complete with pictures from the time period.
Many say Rosa Parks was courageous for her actions.
"If I was Rosa Parks I don't think I would've done anything like that," said Eighth Grader Rashawn Graham. "I probably would've stood up and went to the back of the bus."
The bus tour also made stops at Guilford Middle School, Allen Middle School and Harrison Middle School.
WFMY News 2
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Thoughts on the twenty fourth amendment:
This amendment finished the goals set out by the fifthteenth amendment. This amendment elimated the major road block many African-American citizens still faced when they tried to excersise their right to vote.
Shortly after the ratification of this amendment congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These two legislative powerhouses gave the Federal government the power to extened Civil Rights to all areas of the nation. This amendment allowed the Civil Rights movement took a huge leap foward in their struggle that still continues today.
Rosa Parks Bus Tour Teaches About Civil Rights Movement
Sierra Moore Created: 12/1/2009 6:01:49 PM Updated: 12/1/2009 6:04:48 PM
Greensboro, NC -- It's been 54 years since Civil Rights leader Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on an Alabama bus. Greensboro leaders want to share her story with local students.
The Greensboro Transit Authority held its Rosa Parks Bus Tour Tuesday. It's a national effort to educate students on Civil Rights events in our country's history.
The special bus visited Jackson Middle School, and kids got to experience the history lesson inside the bus, complete with pictures from the time period.
Many say Rosa Parks was courageous for her actions.
"If I was Rosa Parks I don't think I would've done anything like that," said Eighth Grader Rashawn Graham. "I probably would've stood up and went to the back of the bus."
The bus tour also made stops at Guilford Middle School, Allen Middle School and Harrison Middle School.
WFMY News 2
Amendment XXIII
Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article using appropriate legislation.
Thoughts on the twenty third amendment:
This amendment gives the District of Columbia electors that can vote for President and Vice President. They current have three, in pro potion to the number that the least populous state has.
This is a fair amendment since the citizens of D.C. have all the responsibilities of an American citizen they should have a say in the election of the President. An amendment to give them representation in both Houses of Congress was introduced but never ratified.
There has been a recent push to give the citizens of the District of Columbia full voting rights.
D.C. Voting Rights Supporter Announces Plans for New License Plates
Last Updated Nov 2009
Printer Friendly Version By AFRO Staff
(November 15, 2009) - Larry Ottinger, a Maryland resident and avid supporter of voting rights in the District of Columbia, has a plan to urge drivers in all states to put a D.C. voting rights license plate on their car.
In an interview with WTOP’s “Politics Program with Mark Plotkin,” Ottinger detailed an initiative he’s heading to find a resident in each state across the nation who is willing to purchase a personalized license plate with the message, “DC Vote.” Ottinger said he has his own tag personalized with that message, and hopes to move his plan forward within the next year.
Residents of Maryland and Virginia, “have a special relationship and a special obligation to make the promise of democracy real for our D.C. neighbors and colleagues,” Ottinger, a public interest lawyer and supporter of democracy reform, said in a statement. “We reap immeasurable benefits from being a part of the national capital region. Our employment, transportation, housing, recreational and environmental fates are inextricably linked."
A District native, Ottinger said people across the nation are slowly starting to recognize the importance of voting rights in the District. "This is not a local issue," Ottinger said. "Democracy in America is a national, and even international, concern of the highest order. How can we defend democracy abroad if we deny fundamental rights to our own citizens at home?"
Ilir Zherka, executive director of DC Vote, has voiced his approval of Ottinger’s plan and the positive affects it will have on the District and the nation.
"DC's 'taxation without representation' license plates bring national attention to the issue," Zherka said in a statement. "This is a small but impactful thing supporters like Larry can do to shed light on this national civil rights issue."
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article using appropriate legislation.
Thoughts on the twenty third amendment:
This amendment gives the District of Columbia electors that can vote for President and Vice President. They current have three, in pro potion to the number that the least populous state has.
This is a fair amendment since the citizens of D.C. have all the responsibilities of an American citizen they should have a say in the election of the President. An amendment to give them representation in both Houses of Congress was introduced but never ratified.
There has been a recent push to give the citizens of the District of Columbia full voting rights.
D.C. Voting Rights Supporter Announces Plans for New License Plates
Last Updated Nov 2009
Printer Friendly Version By AFRO Staff
(November 15, 2009) - Larry Ottinger, a Maryland resident and avid supporter of voting rights in the District of Columbia, has a plan to urge drivers in all states to put a D.C. voting rights license plate on their car.
In an interview with WTOP’s “Politics Program with Mark Plotkin,” Ottinger detailed an initiative he’s heading to find a resident in each state across the nation who is willing to purchase a personalized license plate with the message, “DC Vote.” Ottinger said he has his own tag personalized with that message, and hopes to move his plan forward within the next year.
Residents of Maryland and Virginia, “have a special relationship and a special obligation to make the promise of democracy real for our D.C. neighbors and colleagues,” Ottinger, a public interest lawyer and supporter of democracy reform, said in a statement. “We reap immeasurable benefits from being a part of the national capital region. Our employment, transportation, housing, recreational and environmental fates are inextricably linked."
A District native, Ottinger said people across the nation are slowly starting to recognize the importance of voting rights in the District. "This is not a local issue," Ottinger said. "Democracy in America is a national, and even international, concern of the highest order. How can we defend democracy abroad if we deny fundamental rights to our own citizens at home?"
Ilir Zherka, executive director of DC Vote, has voiced his approval of Ottinger’s plan and the positive affects it will have on the District and the nation.
"DC's 'taxation without representation' license plates bring national attention to the issue," Zherka said in a statement. "This is a small but impactful thing supporters like Larry can do to shed light on this national civil rights issue."
Amendment XXII
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
Thoughts on the twenty second amendment:
This amendment put a two four year term limit on the presidency. This amendment was ratified in 1951, a fact that was a surprise to me. I had always thought that Article I had defined this term limit. I have come to learn that it was indeed the founding fathers intent but did not become a reality until much later. This amendment came about by a republican congress who had seen FDR elected to four terms and succeed in death by Harry S Truman, both democrats. Although reasonable in its spirit, and I think a good standard, it would come back to haunt the republicans. Dwight D Eisenhower as well as Roland Regan were both republicans that could have been elected to a third or even fourth term. God willing the "Gipper" could still be our president.
22: Presidential term limits
Wednesday, November 27, 2002
22ND AMENDMENT (1951)
George Washington could have been elected to a third term, but declined it, suggesting two terms of four years were enough for any president. In 1797, he quietly returned to Mount Vernon. His two-term example became an unwritten rule in the realm of presidential politics until 1940. That was when Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who steered the nation through the Great Depression of the 1930s, decided he wanted to run again. Newspapers railed against the breach of tradition. His Republican opponent, Wendell Willkie forced the incumbent to run a hard campaign, which Roosevelt won. He then went after, and received, a fourth term in office, explaining that he could not leave the helm at a time he was guiding a nation through the Second World War.
Just months into his fourth term, Roosevelt died and, with him, the idea of unlimited terms for presidents. An amendment, promoted heavily by the Republican party and by others nervous at the idea of a permanent presidency, was passed in 1947. It was ratified by the states four years later. The amendment limits a president to two four-year terms. Today, in the city over which Roosevelt presided for 13 years, youngsters such as Nordina Blackburn, 6, of Norcross, Ga., can visit the monument to the first -- and last -- president to serve more than two terms.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
Thoughts on the twenty second amendment:
This amendment put a two four year term limit on the presidency. This amendment was ratified in 1951, a fact that was a surprise to me. I had always thought that Article I had defined this term limit. I have come to learn that it was indeed the founding fathers intent but did not become a reality until much later. This amendment came about by a republican congress who had seen FDR elected to four terms and succeed in death by Harry S Truman, both democrats. Although reasonable in its spirit, and I think a good standard, it would come back to haunt the republicans. Dwight D Eisenhower as well as Roland Regan were both republicans that could have been elected to a third or even fourth term. God willing the "Gipper" could still be our president.
22: Presidential term limits
Wednesday, November 27, 2002
22ND AMENDMENT (1951)
George Washington could have been elected to a third term, but declined it, suggesting two terms of four years were enough for any president. In 1797, he quietly returned to Mount Vernon. His two-term example became an unwritten rule in the realm of presidential politics until 1940. That was when Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who steered the nation through the Great Depression of the 1930s, decided he wanted to run again. Newspapers railed against the breach of tradition. His Republican opponent, Wendell Willkie forced the incumbent to run a hard campaign, which Roosevelt won. He then went after, and received, a fourth term in office, explaining that he could not leave the helm at a time he was guiding a nation through the Second World War.
Just months into his fourth term, Roosevelt died and, with him, the idea of unlimited terms for presidents. An amendment, promoted heavily by the Republican party and by others nervous at the idea of a permanent presidency, was passed in 1947. It was ratified by the states four years later. The amendment limits a president to two four-year terms. Today, in the city over which Roosevelt presided for 13 years, youngsters such as Nordina Blackburn, 6, of Norcross, Ga., can visit the monument to the first -- and last -- president to serve more than two terms.
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